Clinical Pathology / Para-Clinical Course Content
Interpretation of Laboratory Investigations in Clinical Practice
Course Overview
This course provides a comprehensive and practical approach to interpreting common laboratory investigations essential for clinical diagnosis. It is designed for medical students, interns, healthcare professionals, and laboratory personnel who aim to strengthen diagnostic skills through systematic understanding of laboratory parameters. The course integrates clinical reasoning with laboratory data to support accurate and timely patient management.
Module 1: Complete Blood Count (CBC) Interpretation
Learning Objectives
- Understand the components of CBC and their physiological significance.
- Identify abnormal patterns and correlate them with clinical conditions.
- Develop diagnostic reasoning using CBC findings.
Topics Covered
- Structure and parameters of CBC
- Hemoglobin (Hb), Hematocrit (Hct), RBC & indices (MCV, MCH, MCHC)
- WBC Count and Differential
- Platelet Count.
- Interpretation of RBC abnormalities: Microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic anemias, hemolytic patterns
- WBC patterns: Neutrophilia, lymphocytosis, eosinophilia, leukemoid reaction vs leukemia
- Platelet disorders: Thrombocytopenia & thrombocytosis
- Case-based diagnostic exercises
Module 2: Liver Function Tests (LFT) Interpretation
Learning Objectives
- Understand liver physiology and corresponding biochemical markers.
- Differentiate between hepatocellular injury, cholestasis, and synthetic dysfunction.
- Interpret LFT patterns in common diseases.
Topics Covered
- ALT, AST, ALP, GGT, bilirubin (total/direct), albumin, PT/INR
- Patterns of injury: Hepatocellular vs cholestatic vs mixed
- Clinical conditions: alcoholic liver disease, NAFLD/NASH, obstructive jaundice.
- Case-based LFT interpretation
Module 3: Endocrine Laboratory Profile Interpretation
Learning Objectives
- Understand hormonal regulation and feedback mechanisms.
- Analyze endocrine profiles with clinical correlation.
- Identify hormonal abnormalities indicating systemic disease.
Topics Covered
- Thyroid profile: TSH, FT4, FT3, hypo- & hyperthyroidism
- Adrenal function: Cortisol, ACTH, DHEA-S
- Bone metabolism: Calcium, phosphate, PTH, vitamin D
- Case-based endocrine interpretation
Module 4: Urine Analysis Interpretation
Learning Objectives
- Interpret urine physical, chemical, and microscopic findings.
- Correlate abnormalities with renal and systemic diseases.
Topics Covered
- Physical exam: color, clarity, odor, specific gravity
- Chemical analysis: protein, glucose, ketones, bilirubin, nitrites, leukocyte esterase
- Microscopy: RBCs, WBCs, casts, crystals, organisms
- Patterns in UTI, nephritic/nephrotic syndromes, AKI, diabetes
- Case-based exercises
Module 5: Laboratory Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction (MI)
Learning Objectives
- Understand cardiac biomarkers and their release patterns.
- Apply biomarkers to accurately diagnose acute MI.
Topics Covered
- Troponin I/T, CK-MB, myoglobin
- Biomarker kinetics & diagnostic windows
- Criteria for MI diagnosis
- Differentiating MI from other causes of elevated troponin
- Case-based MI diagnosis